The origin of solar cell was dated back to around 1839 when the French physicist Alexandre Edmond Becquerel first experimentally demonstrated the photovoltaic effect in an electrode in conductive solution exposed to light. Around 50 years later, in 1883, Charles Fritts – an American inventor developed a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% power conversion efficiency (PCE).
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Metal oxides are materials of great technological interest due to their rich properties, including optoelectronics, ferroelectricity, photovoltaic and photocatalysis. Some metal oxides including zinc oxide (ZnO), tin dioxide (SnO2) and indium oxide (In2O3) exhibit high optical transparency with high electrical conductivity. These unique properties allow them to be used as transparent electrodes in flat panel displays, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, as transparent heat-mirror coating and as transparent coating for antifogging and self-cleaning windows.
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