The development of free-electron-based light sources has long been a subject of widespread interest owing to the fact that the wavelength of generated light can be tuned continuously from the long-wavelength range (microwaves and infrared) to the visible range and all the way to the short-wavelength range (ultraviolet and X-rays). However, the disadvantage of such a light source is its large size and high cost.
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Graphene is known to the scientists as the one-atom-thick material, the thinnest exotic material ever found! It composes of a hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms expanding in a two-dimensional plane. Each carbon atom forms sigma bond (s-bond) of the sp2 hybridization among the other three, thus promoting one free electron in the conduction band. This electron behaves like a massless relativistic particle with linear energy-momentum relation, which results in high electron mobility
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